The Degradation of the Character of Macbeth :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

The Degradation of the Character of Macbeth  Ã‚   Shakespeare's tragic play, Macbeth explores the decline of the central character, Macbeth from a respectable warrior to a murdering and lying fiend. This change in character is a direct result of Macbeth’s unbridled ambition and greed. In act 1 scene 2 Macbeth is described as "brave", "valiant" and "heroic" and everyone admires him. King Duncan and his court receive news from the wounded Captain that the battle against the traitor and the rebel MacDonwald and his army was evenly balanced until Macbeth and Banquo in acts of outstanding courage and ferocity destroyed him and his troops, like "sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion". But as this occurs , reinforcements from the King of Norway and the traitor, the Thane Of Cawdor, counterattack Macbeth and Banquo " but all's too weak; for brave Macbeth well he deserves that name". However these two are not at all dismayed; but as the Captain is taken away to tend to his wounds, the outcome is still unsure. The Thane Of Ross arrives to report that, through the fighting spirit of Macbeth, Duncan's army has won a great victory " The victory fell on us". Duncan declares that the "most disloyal traitor" the Thane Of Cawdor is to be executed which is very ironic "Go pronounce his present death" and Macbeth "O valiant cousin! worthy gentleman!" is to receive his title and estates as a reward "Nobel Macbeth hath won". Although we haven't yet met Macbeth, whilst the battle is primitive and bloody the Captain's and Ross's descriptions emphasize an "heroic", even "epic" quality of Macbeth part of them. This is shown in the personifications such as "Disclaiming fortune", "valorous minion", and references such as "memorize another Golgotha". Duncan himself generously praises Macbeth, and the final epithet he gives is "noble". These quotes show that people and even the king have a very high opinion of Macbeth. The witches appear at the beginning and are highly ambiguous creatures- whether they are human it is debatable. The witches create a sense of mystery: they will meet when "the battles lost and won", which seems a contradiction. The fact that they are evil is show in their final couplet. According to them "Fair is foul, and foul is fair". Put another way this means: good is bad and bad is good. All of Act 1 scene 1 creates a very ominous atmosphere.

Benefits of Exercise

We've all heard it before, â€Å"Exercise is good for you because†¦. † Nowadays you can't check out at the grocery store or do much of anything without being reminded that we mortal humans need to exercise. Still, we persist, procrastinate and eventually complain that we're overweight, sick, dying, etc. Listen. Some exercise is better than none, more exercise is generally better than less, and no exercise can be disastrous. No one is asking for you to start a rigorous daily regimen,  just do something.If you need motivation, here is a list of scientifically proven health benefits that regular exercise brings. Longevity. People who are physically active live longer. According to a 20 year follow-up  study,  regular exercise reduces the risk of dying prematurely. New brain cell development, improved cognition and memory. Exercise stimulates the formation of new brain cells. Researchers found  that the areas of the brain that are stimulated through exercise are respo nsible for memory and learning.For instance, older adults who engage in regular physical activity have better performances in tests implying decision-making process, memory and problem solving. Exercise is a powerful antidepressant. Study  after  study  has shown that exercise promotes mental health and reduces  symptoms of depression. The antidepressant effect of regular physical exercise is comparable to the potent antidepressants like Zoloft. It may take at least 30 minutes of exercise a day for at least three to five days a week to significantly improve  symptoms of depression.Cardiovascular health. Lack of physical activity is one of the major risk factors for  cardiovascular diseases. Regular exercising makes your heart, like any other muscle, stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort. Cholesterol lowering effect. Exercise itself does not burn off cholesterol like it does with fat, however, exercise favorably  blood cholesterol levels by dec reasing LDL (bad) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol and increasing HDL (good) cholesterol. Prevention and control of diabetes.There is strong evidence from high quality studies (e. g. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study) that moderate physical activity combined with weight loss and balanced diet can confer a 50-60% reduction in risk of developing diabetes. Blood pressure lowering. The way in which exercise can cause a reduction in blood pressure is unclear, but all forms of exercise seem to be effective in  reducing blood pressure. Aerobic exercise appears to have a slightly greater effect on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals than in individuals without hypertension.Reduced  risk of stroke. Research data  indicates that moderate and high levels of physical activity may reduce the risk of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic strokes. Weight control. Regular exercise helps to reach and maintain a healthy weight. If you take in more calories than needed in a day , exercise offsets a caloric overload and controls body weight. It speeds the rate of energy use, resulting in increased metabolism. When metabolism increases through exercise, you will maintain the faster rate for longer periods of a day.Muscle strength. Health  studies  repeatedly show that strength training increases muscle strength and mass and decreases fat tissue. Bone strength. An active lifestyle benefits bone density. Regular weight-bearing exercise promotes bone formation, delays bone loss and may protect against  osteoporosis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ form of bone loss associated with aging. Better night sleep. If you suffer from poor sleep, daily exercise can make the difference. The natural dip in body temperature five to six hours after exercise may help to fall asleep.

The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3524 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Study of Rajan Luigi, 1995, investigates the determinants of capital structure choice by analyzing the financing decisions of public firms in the major industrialized countries. At an aggregate level, firm leverage is fairly similar across the G-7 countries. They find that factors identified by previous studies as correlated in the cross-section with firm leverage in the United States, are similarly correlated in other countries as well. However, a deeper examination of the U.S. and foreign evidence suggests that the theoretical underpinnings of the observed correlations are still largely unresolved. A recently compiled database of inter- national corporations, Global Vantage, helps us, at least partially, address this problem. They limit their attention to the largest economies where there are sufficient firms represented to make comparisons meaningful. In particular, they focus on non-financial corporations of the G-7 countries. In 1991, Global Vantage covers m ore than two thirds of the companies (representing more than 90 percent of the market capitalization) in countries with a small stock market (France, Germany, and Italy). In the other major countries Global Vantage covers between one third and one half of the companies traded, representing more than 75 percent of the market capitalization. They eliminate financial firms such as banks and insurance companies from the sample because their leverage is strongly influenced by explicit (or implicit) investor insurance schemes such as deposit insurance. They find that, at an aggregate level, firm leverage is more similar across the G-7 countries than previously thought, and the differences that exist are not easily explained by institutional differences previously thought important. The factors identified by previous cross-sectional studies in the United States to be related to leverage seem similarly related in other countries as well. However, a deeper examination of the United States and foreign evidence suggests that the theoretical underpinnings of the observed correlations are still largely unresolved. Study of Titman Roberto, 1988, analyzes the explanatory power of some of the recent theories of optimal capital structure. The study extends empirical work on capital structure theory in three ways. First, it examines a much broader set of capital structure theories, many of which have not previously been analyzed empirically. Second, since the theories have different empirical implications in regard to different types of debt instruments, the authors analyze measures of short-term, long-term, and convertible debt rather than an aggregate measure of total debt. Third, the study uses a factor-analytic technique that mitigates the measurement problems encountered when working with proxy variables. We present a brief discussion of the attributes that different theories of capital structure suggest may affect the firms debt-equity choice. These attributes are denoted asset structure, non-debt tax shields, growth, uniqueness, industry classification, size, earnings volatility, and profitability. The attributes, their relation to the optimal capital structure choice, and their ob- servable indicators are discussed. The variables discussed were analyzed over the 1974 through 1982 time period. The source of all the data except for the quit rates is the Annual Compustat Industrial Files. The quit-rate data are from the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings publication. These data are available only at the four-digit (SIC code) industry level for manufacturing firms. From the total sample, we deleted all the observations that did not have a complete record on the variables included in our analysis. Furthermore, since many of the indicator variables are scaled by total assets or average operating income, we were forced to delete a small number of observations that included negative values for one of th ese variables. These requirements may bias our sample toward relatively large firms. In total, 469 firms were available. They find that debt levels are negatively related to the uniqueness of a firms line of business. Transaction costs may be an important determinant of capital structure choice. Short-term debt ratios were shown to be negatively related to firm size, possibly reflecting the relatively high transaction costs small firms face when issuing long-term financial instruments. Additional evidence relating to the importance of transaction costs is provided by the negative relation between measures of past profitability and current debt levels scaled by the market value of equity. Results do not provide support for an effect on debt ratios arising from non-debt tax shields, volatility, collateral value, or future growth. However, it remains an open question whether our measurement model does indeed capture the relevant aspects of the attributes suggested by these theories. Study of Gupta, 1969, is a modest contribution to the theory of financial structure. It seeks to analyze the financial ratios with three exogenous variables-industry, size and growth. The scope of this study is limited to a cross sectional analysis for the year 1961 to 1962. The study is based on data published in statistics of income by internal revenue service for that year. One hundred seventy three manufacturing corporations, covering 21 standard industrial classification two digit industries, classified into 13 size categories, were examined. The firm size categories ranged from total assets of less than 50 thousand dollars to assets of 250 million and more. Four broad categories of ratios- profitability, turnover, and leverage and liquidity ratios were examined. A positive association was observed, however, between TD/TA and Fixed asset turnover. With the respect to liquidity, the evidence indicates that industries which have low investment in current asset per dollar of s ales tend to have a low current ratio. The productivity of assets varies widely from one manufacturing industry to another. Industry with formidable barriers to entry and an oligopolistic market structure tend to have a very high productivity of assets. It is also high in industries which are research and development oriented. So for as the growth of the corporations is concerned a clear pattern emerges of high total asset turnover, high fixed asset turnover, and high current asset turnover associated with high growth rate of company. They have also high inventory turnover, higher cash velocity and lower average collection period. The current liability turnover is found to be negatively associated with corporate growth. When growth is related to productivity of assets, however, no significant relationship is observed. A very significant negative partial correlation coefficient is observed between fixed asset turnover and size of corporation. Study of Bancel and Usha, 2004, analyz e that the surveys managers in 16 European countries on the determinants of capital structure. Financial flexibility and earnings per share dilution are primary concerns of managers in issuing debt and common stock, respectively. We find that firms financing policies are influenced by both their institutional environment and their international operations. Firms determine their optimal capital structures by trading off costs and benefits of financing. They also examine the role of legal institutions in explaining the financing policies of firms across countries. They investigate whether these policies are determined largely by the legal institutions of the home country or are the result of a complex interaction of several institutions in a country. They also study the sensitivity of different determinants of capital structure to the countrys institutional environment. Second, the quality of the countrys legal system explains cross-country variations in the rankings of several maj or factors, but so do other country-specific factors such as cost of capital. In addition, although differences in debt policy factors vary systematically with the quality of a countrys legal system, firm-specific factors such as the firms growth opportunities strongly influence the common stock policy factors. Overall, our results support that most firms determine their optimal capital structure by trading off factors such as tax advantage of debt, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and accessibility to external financing. Study of Roden and Wilbur, 1995, analyze the composition of the financing packages used in a large sample of leveraged buyout transactions in order to test a set of hypotheses developed in the prior literature about the determinants of corporate capital structure decisions. They focus in particular on the role of agency costs, bankruptcy risks, and tax considerations. They find evidence that all three have an impact, both on the degree of leverage employed in the transactions and on the attributes of the borrowings undertaken. The impacts are manifest in systematic co relationships between the proportion and type of debt in the buy out financing package and the target firms earnings rate, earnings variability, growth prospects, and its tax and liquidity position. Study of Harris Artur, 1990, provides a theory of capital structure based on the effect of debt on investors information about the firm and on their ability to oversee management. They postulate that managers are reluctant to relinquish control and unwilling to provide information that could result in such an outcome. Debt is a disciplining device because default allows creditors the option to force the firm into liquidation and generates information useful to investors. They characterize the time path of the debt level and obtain comparative statics results on the debt level, bond yield, probability of default, probability of reorganization, etc. They develop both static an d dynamic models. In the static model, they consider a once-and-for-all choice of debt level. In the dynamic model, we examine the evolution of capital structure and net payments to debt holders over time. They address the implications of our model for capital structure as well as such issues as what determines liquidation vs. reorganization, how capital structure changes after reorganization, the probability of liquidation given default, and the relationship between debt level and the probability of default. They also examine the effects of changes in capital structure on stock prices and provide comparative statics results on the debt level, market value of debt, firm value, bond yield, probability of default, probability of reorganization given default, and other variables of interest. In particular, we show how these variables respond to changes in firm size, liquidation value, and default costs. Thus, they obtain a theory of capital structure, debt repayment schedules, and reor ganization. Results for the static model include the debt level, market value of debt, firm value, debt-to-value ratio, and promised bond yield all increase with increases in liquidation value and decrease with increases in default costs; the probability of default increases with liquidation value, decreases with default costs, but is independent of firm size; the expected debt coverage ratio3 decreases with liquidation value, increases with default costs, but is independent of firm size; the probability of reorganization given default decreases with liquidation value and is independent of default costs; leverage-increasing changes in capital structure that are caused by increases in liquidation value, decreases in default costs, or both are accompanied by increases in firm value; more highly levered firms will also offer larger promised yields, have lower debt coverage ratios, and have lower probability of reorganization after default. Using the dynamic model,They show that debt levels relative to expected income and default probabilities are constant over time, except when endgame considerations are important; expected debt coverage ratios increase and default probabilities decrease following reorganization. Study of Hovakimian et.al, 2001, shows that when firms adjust their capital structures, they tend to move toward a target debt ratio that is consistent with theories based on tradeoffs between the costs and benefits of debt. In contrast to previous empirical work, our tests explicitly account for the fact that firms may face impediments to movements toward their target ratio, and that the target ratio may change over time as the firms profitability and stock price change. A separate analysis of the size of the issue and repurchase transactions suggests that the deviation between the actual and the target ratios plays a more important role in the repurchase decision than in the issuance decision. We use firm level data from the 1997 Standard and Po ors Compustat annual files (including the Research file). We require firms to have financial statement and stock price information in the issue year and in the two preceding years. Firms in the financial sector are not included in the sample because their capital structures are likely to be significantly different from the other industrial, natural resources, and services firms in our sample. In total, they have 39,387 firm years covering the 1979-1997 periods. In the first stage, the debt/assets (leverage) ratio, Lev, is regressed on a vector of explanatory variables, W, that have been used in past cross-sectional studies of capital structure. Debt/assets is defined as the book value of debt divided by the sum of the book value of debt and the market value of equity.6 The purpose of this first stage regression is to provide an estimate of each firms optimal or target leverage ratio, which they define as the debt ratio that firms would choose in the absence of information asymmet ries, transaction costs, or other adjustment costs. Our results suggest that although past profits are an important predictor of observed debt ratios, firms often make financing and repurchase decisions that offset these earnings-driven changes in their capital structures. Specifically, when firms either raise or retire significant amounts of new capital, their choices move them toward the target capital structures suggested by the static tradeoff models, often more than off setting the effects of accumulated profits and losses. This qualitative pattern persists regardless of the maturity or the convertibility of the debt being issued. Our results also suggest that stock prices play an important role in determining a firms financing choice. Firms that experience large stock price in? Creases are more likely to issue equity and retire debt than are firms that experience stock price declines. This observation is consistent with the idea that stock price increases are generally associa ted with improved growth opportunities, which would lower a firms optimal debt ratio. The negative relation between past stock returns and leverage increasing choices is also consistent with agency models where managers have incentives to increase leverage when stock prices are low. These results are also consistent with the idea that managers are reluctant to issue equity when they view their stock as being under priced. Study of Ferri Wesley, 1979, to investigate the relationships between a firms financial structure and its industrial class, size, variability of income, and operating leverage. The methodology used in this paper is new to this area of inquiry and promises superior results, because it avoids several measurement difficulties encountered in previous work. The resolution of these difficulties occurs through the development, within this paper, of a taxonomy of firms that is based on the firms actual financial behavior. The taxonomical structure will provide the b asis for an examination of associations between financial structure and industrial class, size, variability of income, and operating leverage.The data used in the present investigation were gathered from the Compustat data tapes which contain the year-end balance sheet and income statement for industrial, domestically headquartered, unregulated firms. The total sample of firms selected (for consistency of fiscal year and availability of data) amounted to 233 firms. The distribution of selected firms by Standard Industrial Classification Code (SIC Code) and by generic industry groupings is given in the appendix. Data on the sample firms was gathered for two five year time spans: from 1969 to 1974 and from 1971 to 1976. Multi-period variables (average sales, coefficient of variation in operating income, etc.) are calculated on the basis of data from each year in the five year spans. Single period variables (debt to total assets, current sales, etc.) are computed on the basis of data f rom the terminal year in the two time spans. The leverage classes were derived by use of the Howard-Harris clustering algorithm, which created taxonomy of firms based on measures of their financial structure. Formally, this algorithm partitions a set of objects, where each object is characterized by a multivariate. Each of the resulting leverage groups derived in the present application of the algorithm is as distinct as computationally possible. The results of the studys effort to relate firm characteristics to leverage class can be summarized in this way: a) industry class is linked to a firms leverage, but in a less pronounced and direct manner than has been previously suggested; b) a firms use of debt is related to its size, but the relationship does not conform to the positive, linear scheme that has been indicated in other work; c) variation in income, measured in several ways, could not be shown to be associated with a firms leverage; and d) operating leverage does influen ce the percentage of debt in a firms financial structure and the relationship between these two types of leverage is quite similar to the negative, linear form which financial theory would suggest. Study of Sibilkov, 2007, tests alternative theories about the effect of asset liquidity on capital structure. Using data from a broad sample of U.S. public companies, I find that leverage is positively related to asset liquidity. Further analysis reveals that the relation between asset liquidity and secured debt is positive, whereas the relation between asset liquidity and unsecured debt is curvilinear. The results are consistent with the view that the costs of financial distress and inefficient liquidation are economically important and that they affect capital structure decisions. In addition, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the costs of managerial discretion increase with asset liquidity. The liquidity index is positively associated with leverage, and prior chang es in the liquidity index are positively associated with subsequent changes in leverage. The findings are consistent with the hypotheses that is, asset liquidity increases optimal leverage. The costs of illiquidity and inefficient liquidation are economically significant and substantial compared with the benefits of debt, and managers attempt to control these costs by adjusting leverage and the probability of incurring liquidation costs. I also find that the relation between the liquidity index and the level of secured debt is positive, and that between the liquidity index and unsecured debt is curvilinear. These findings are consistent that is, the effect of asset liquidity on debt depends on whether managers have disposition over those assets. Asset liquidity has a positive effect on firm debt when managers cannot dispose of firm assets and a curvilinear effect on firm debt when they can. The findings further suggest that asset liquidity increases the costs of managerial discre tion because higher asset liquidity makes it less costly for managers to sell assets and divert value from bondholders. Restrictions on asset disposition effectively reduce the liquidity costs of managerial discretion, and managers do not divert value by liquidating assets when their liquidity is low, because the private benefits of managing those assets outweigh the gains from the costly asset transformation. Thus, the private benefits of control act as a deterrent to asset liquidation and value expropriation by managers, alleviating agency problems. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of asset liquidity on leverage depends on a combination of its effects on both secured and unsecured debt. Study of Frank and Vidhan, 2009, shows that it is well known that in a leverage regression, profits are negatively related to leverage. The literature considers this to be a key rejection of the static trade-off theory. In this paper, they show that: 1.The literature has misinterpret ed the evidence as a result of the wide-spread use of familiar but empirically misleading, leverage ratios. 2. More profitable firms experience an increase in both book equity and the market value of equity. 3. Empirically, they react as in the trade-off theory. Highly profitable firms typically issue debt and repurchase equity, while low profitable firms typically reduce debt and issue equity. 4. Firm size matters. Large firms make more active use of debt, while small firms make more active use of equity. 5. In a trade-off model, financing decisions depend on market conditions (`market timing). Empirically, poor market conditions result in reduced use of external finance. The impact is particularly strong on small and low profit firms. The data are constructed from the usual Compustat and CRSP databases. The numbers are not surprising. The average debt (in constant US$) is about $477 million while the median is $14 million. A significant fraction of firms have zero debt (the 10t h percentile is 0). Book equity is slightly larger than book debt. Market equity is more than two times larger than book debt. The connection between corporate profits and corporate capital structure has been very inertial in the assessment of the static trade-off theory. The standard evidence has pushed the literature away from the static trade-off, and towards much more complex models and ideas. As a result it is important to make sure that the evidence is correctly interpreted. Unfortunately the literature has misinterpreted the data. This is due to the widespread use of leverage ratios. Such ratios have a number of undesirable features for testing the implications of the static trade-off theory. They illustrate that the impact of these features 16 is not limited to the tails of the data distributions. Instead, the impact is observed even at the median of the data. Empirically, we show that more profitable firms tend to issue more debt and repurchase equity. Less profitable firms tend to do the reverse. Firm size also matters. Larger firms tend to be more active in the debt markets while smaller firms tend to be relatively more active in the equity markets. More external financing is used in good times than in bad times. Overall, the empirical evidence on issuance seems rather easy to understand from the perspective of the static trade-off theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Determinants Of Capital Structure Choice Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

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A Brief Note On Atherosclerosis And Its Effects On The...

1. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS Atherosclerosis impairs proper perfusion through ischemia and has acute and long-term serious consequences on the body’s vasculature including unstable and stable angina, myocardial infarctions, sudden cardiac death, transient ischemic attacks, cerebrovascular disease and more. The most common cause of myocardial infarctions (MI) is ischemic heart disease, and in turn, MIs are one of the leading causes of heart failure because they directly alter the structure and function of the heart. Heart failure can be described as the inability of the heart to adequately fill or contract in order to meet the body’s metabolic demands. MIs affect the ability of the heart to properly fill and eject blood depending on the location and extent of infarct. The adrenergic response and renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) both play a vital role in the regulation of heart rate and stroke volume. In the short-term, the death of myocardial cells due to occlusion and lack of oxygen and nutrients leads to overall decreased muscle cells, decreased stroke volume, and thus decreased cardiac output. Following an MI, cell death, inflammation, and neurohormonal mechanisms contribute to cardiac remodeling which has long-term detrimental consequences. Initially, persistent ischemia directly leads to cardiomyocyte loss from necrosis and apoptosis. Furthermore, inflammatory cells and their mediators such as the pro-fibrotic cytokines TGF-B1 and CTGF begin to clear necroticShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Atherosclerosis And Its Effects On The Heart Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pagesof the disease Atherosclerosis is a disease dealing with the heart. This disease causes hardening and narrowing (or even blockage) of the arteries, which makes the arteries thicken. Accumulations of fat, calcium and plaque build up are all components of having this disease known as atherosclerosis. 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Questions 4 Q4-Study Sources Free Essays

Questions 4 Paper- June 2010 Q4-Study Sources D and E Which of Sources D or E is more useful to the historian who is investigating surgical practice in the 1870s? Both Sources D and E are useful to the historian who is investigating surgical practice in the 1870s, however only to a certain extent because both sources explain a few of the negatives and positives of surgical practice. In source D, it says that ‘it took too long to keep washing everything’ and how people who would think of new ideas in surgical practice were often regarded as ‘odd’. This evidence shows us that surgical practice at the time may have been a more negative experience rather than a positive one. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions 4 Q4-Study Sources or any similar topic only for you Order Now Source E, on the other hand, talks a little less broadly about surgical practice as it explains, like source D, ‘infection was as common as ever’ and talks about the transitions from one operating theatre to the next. However, sources D and E are only useful to a certain extent as both sources tell us only one aspect surrounding surgical practice when there were many others. Both sources talk about infection in surgical practice and how it was an obstacle which mainly surrounds the negatives of surgery. This information is only useful to a certain extent as we are not told the positives of surgical practice and whether there were other factors that affected surgery at the time. Only one of the sources seem of reliable provenance as Source D is a book called History of Medicine written at a time further away from the 1870s than when source E was written. Although Source D was written by someone who we can not tell had any medical experience, we understand that, this being a book based on Medicine as a whole, it would have been reliable and checked by other professionals. On the other hand, Source E was an account that was remembered by a man in surgical practice 56 years later and so surgical practice was changing immensely at the time and could have altered his opinion. It is also only an account of one person and could therefore be biased as others may think differently. Overall, Source D mainly focuses on specific areas of surgical practice and tells us that surgical practice was tough as ‘it took too long to keep washing everything’ (being the equipment and other things that were used) and it also talks about how people who would come up with new ideas, would have their ideas rejected at first as they were regarded as ‘odd’. Source D also mentions Lister and his ideas about germs and how they were lso regarded as ‘odd’. From this we see that Surgical Practice was rough for many and that surgery in the 1870s was quite shallow as development and new ideas were pushed down. Source E on the other hand also had some facts such as ‘the building cost ? 600 000’ however, like source D, talked about how nothing changed and gave a method which was kept the same such as being ‘allowed to go straight from the post-modern room to work on the maternity ward’. In Conclusion, looking at both sources and the reliability of the sources from the provenance of the sources, both source are useful to a historian investigating surgical practice in the 1870s, however, Source D seems more reliable and therefore more useful to the historian, as looking at the provenance, it is based in a book that many historians would have read and so would be more reliable than an account made by one person who could have had shallow views as they wouldn’t have many mixed opinions and so side with what they believed. Q5. Study Sources A, F and G and use your own knowledge. ‘Lister’s antiseptic methods changed surgical practice in a short period of time. ’ How far do you agree with this statement? Use your own knowledge, Sources A, F and G and any other sources you find helpful to explain your answer. The Sources How to cite Questions 4 Q4-Study Sources, Essay examples

Imporant Decisions In Huck Finn Essay Example For Students

Imporant Decisions In Huck Finn Essay Important decisions made by the protagonist in The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnHuck Finn, the protagonist, made many story altering decisions throughout the novel. Three monumental decisions are lying to the bounty hunters about Jim, tearing up the letter to Miss Watson about Jim and himself, and hiding the gold the duke and the king conned out of the Wilks. Two of the choices by Huck decide the fate and freedom of a human being, Jim, making them very powerful decisions that he has to make. Huck often makes these decisions rashly but they turn out to work very well for him. The three important decisions and why and how he made them show deeply how Huck Finn thinks and feels. One of Hucks major decisions not involving Jim is turning his back on the king and the duke, by hiding the Wilks gold. Huck more or less goes along with the duke and the kings plans until this one because of how nice the Wilks girls are to him. Huck had many choices and could have stuck with the duke and the king but changes his mind after Mary Jane and Susan are so nice to him and scold Joanna for questioning him. After Mary Jane scolds her Huck says to himself this is the girl Im letting that old reptile rob of her money! (169). Mary Jane and Susan make Joanna apologize to Huck and Joanna apologizes so beautiful it was good to hear (169). Joanna apologizing and Mary Jane and Susan sticking up for him makes Huck like them so much that he feels so ornery and low down and mean that I says to myself, my minds made up; Ill hive that money for them or bust(169). Huck then goes to bed early and sneaks up to the king and dukes room to steal the money. When the king and the duke talk about just taking the six thousand they already have and knocking off and lighting out(170). it makes Huck feel pretty bad(170). Huck feeling bad shows that he still believes what he is doing is right and wants to punish the king and the duke and have them get caught and shown for the frauds they are. Over the long term Huck does regret being involved in the downfall of the royalty, he says when he sees the king and the duke tarred and feathered that I felt sorry for them pitiful rascals. . . and felt kind of . . . to blame(222). Another major decision by Huck about Jims freedom is Huck deciding to rip up the letter he was going to write to Miss Watson about where Jim is being held until the reward is paid.. Huck decides to write the letter in chapter thirty-one after he discovers that Jim has been sold by the king and the duke for money. Huck can not think of a plan to get Jim free and has no idea where Jim is so he says to himself Once I said to myself it would be a thousand times better for Jim to be a slave at home where his family was, as long as hed got to be a slave, and so Id better write a letter to Tom Sawyer and tell him to tell Miss Watson where he was (204). Huck then thinks that if Jim is given back to Miss Watson he will be treated badly or sold down the river again for being ungrateful and trying to run away. He also thinks that people will look at him badly for trying to help a slave run away. Huck is then hit by the hand of Providence (204). .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 , .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .postImageUrl , .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 , .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59:hover , .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59:visited , .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59:active { border:0!important; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59:active , .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59 .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u722ec82276fd1bd606d486b304091d59:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ancient Greeks and Romans Essay and believes that Jim was taken and sold because it is Gods way of saying that he will not allow people who help slaves to run away go unpunished. God watching over him makes Huck so scared that he decides to pray and try to become a good person. Huck tries to pray to become a good person, but knows that he will and does not want to become one, and he can not pray a lie. So Huck decides to write